How Different Societies in Meeting the Family Survive in Modern Civilization - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2020 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Family Essay Did you like this example? Ever since the first hominins gathered around as a group, societies throughout time began to emerge, advance, conquer, and most importantly, survive. From the first apes to the Roman Empire to the Soviet Union to the United States today, societies took the basic ideas of theories of Evolution and expanded those theories like a tree. While traveling the world to locate the genetic and cultural connections of his ancestry through the National Geographic Genographic Project, Donovan Webster meets several different â€Å"societies† that solidify the ancestral relations he has with them: The Hadzabe Bushmen of Tanzania, The Lebanese Arabs, The Tribal Uzbeks of Central Asia, and The Spanish Basques. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Different Societies in Meeting the Family Survive in Modern Civilization" essay for you Create order Each one of these different societies have survived for a long time, some longer than others, from their original establishment to now. Although all groups are classified societies that have survived, the way they survived differs vastly. One group may have relied on a larger civilization for protection while others relied on tourism for economic stability. One thing is certain, their existence has proved their longevity among other cultures and civilizations in the present day. By finding a way to cope with societal problems as well as a stable source to survive, these groups become societies that express a sense of recognition similar to how sovereignty is shown by countries. During his time in Tanzania, Donovan Webster spent an allotment of time with the Hadzabe Bushmen Tribe, more importantly with his â€Å"distant family member† Julius Indaaya Hun/!un/!ume, or just Julius for simplicity’s sake. Noted on page 29 in the â€Å"Africa† chapter, the Hadzabe are a near-extinct tribe, whom speak via oral movements like clicks and pops, recognized by anthropologists as one of the oldest surviving African tribes based in Sub-Saharan Africa, which happens to be the start of where the first men roamed the planet. In order to have a conversation with Julius, Webster acquired a Masai tribal native by the name of Robert, as stated on pages 28 through 29 in the â€Å"Africa† chapter. On page 28 of the â€Å"Africa† chapter, Webster notes Julius’s characteristics and apparel that he is, â€Å"small-boned and dark, wearing animal skins and carrying a bow and some arrows,† features that are not normally found in the Western World. Throughout pages 33 and 38 of the â€Å"Africa† chapter, it is noted that Julius and Donovan are out hunting. The Hadzabe are recognized as a foraging society, a type of society rarely found in the western world. A foraging society usually rely on wild animals and untamed plants and berries for a food source. While they rely on mother nature to feed them, in a world where technology has proved a vital source for many countries, the ability to win a war are lower than the Ethiopians pushing the Italians out of the country by trickery. To survive in our world, they went to the Tanzanian government for help, thus the creation of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, a set of land dedicated for the Hadzabe stated at the top of page 28 and on page 29 in the â€Å"Africa† chapter. Because they sought help for their survival, they are not true foragers, as foragers are individuals or a group of individuals. This however allows for their survival as close to being foragers as possible. While they get help for reinforcing their borders from farmers who ignore the borders, when the government sends shelter and other contemporized supplies, the Hadzabe â€Å"politely accept them† and never use it, because of being as independent as possible, as stated on pages 61 through 63 in the â€Å"Africa† chapter. As a recap, the Hadzabe are an extremely ancient African tribe that mainly forages for food while both relying on the Tanzanian government for protection and establishment of their lands from farmers illegally grazing on their lands and declining the gifts that the government has provided. As simplistic as they are, the self-exclusion of modern technology and the reliance of a stronger government, the Hadzabe would have quickly perished among the rising civilizations throughout the ages. After his visit of the Hadzabe in Tanzania, Donovan moved on to a prosperous farming plate au, named Bekaa Valley, in the country of Lebanon. Lebanon, as stated in pages 115 to 118 in the â€Å"Lebanon† chapter, have been an independent country ever since World War II, yet through conflicts on the surrounding borders, their peace eventually caved into violence and paved the way for a militant political group known as the Hezbollah. With the help of Maya, his translator, Donovan was able to communicate with his â€Å"distant relatives† such as the two Arab men, the shopkeeper, and Halim Taha in Baalbek. Many people would think a country like Lebanon would be dry and arid like Afghanistan, yet a small country sitting by the Mediterranean Sea has its benefits when it comes to making a living. Baalbek is a beautiful countryside infused with distinct cultures and architecture throughout the city’s lifespan. Stated throughout pages 124 to 130, Baalbek has been under the influences of Alexander the Great, The Assyrians, The Romans, The French, and many more as the list goes on. Being absorbed by these groups have allowed their influence to improve upon any current standard they have, such as agriculture. Because Lebanon is situated along the Mediterranean Sea, it also gives the country an accessible option to trade with other powers. By use of trading materials such as fabrics and types of ceramics along with the reliance of agriculture, Baalbek and the rest of Lebanon were easily able to make some profit out of their resources. As stated by Donovan Webster on page 126 of the â€Å"Lebanon† chapter, â€Å"And as we roll into town, activity is everywhere. People are working in the fields†¦their cargo beds freighted with potatoes and sugar beets, onions and other row-crop produce.† To recap about the people of this region, they are a peaceful group of people thrust into violence by the surrounding nations yet are gifted with the Mediterranean Sea and fertile land which allowed the ability to trade goods and grow crops that could be sold for profit. Had the country of Lebanon never been captured by superpowers like Hellenistic Greece or The Roman Empire, they would most likely have developed technology at a far slower pace. Following his three day visit in Baalbek, Lebanon, Donovan Webster gained more influence about his genealogy when he visited the Tribal Uzbeks, also known as the Tajiks, in Central Asia. Based in Samarkand, the Tajiks are, â€Å"located at the crossroads of ancient India , China, Persia, and Russia,† and are known to be a central hub for, â€Å"human affairs,† as stated on page 184 of the â€Å"Uzbekistan† chapter. While because they are landlocked by surrounding mountain ranges and deserts, it would seem near impossible for the Tajiks to live off of traditional agricultural practices found in countries like Lebanon for example. Instead, because they are â€Å"the Silk Road’s most famous traffic circle,† as stated on page 183 of the â€Å"Uzbekistan† chapter, they heavily relied on trade as a living throughout the landscape. As stated by Donovan on page 226 of the Uzbekistan chapter, â€Å"what I came to find most fun about Samarkand and the Tajiks were the city’s markets. Given Samarkand and the Tajiks’ place in the world as traders along the Silk Road, this only makes sense.† While visiting the market, Mr. Webster found that, â€Å"interested shoppers can purchase anything from a chamber pot to live ducks to lightbulbs and car radiators†¦with plenty of yoghurt and fresh tomatoes and a Coke,† as stated on page 227 of the â€Å"Uzbekistanâ €  chapter. However, after being under soviet control until the collapse of the U.S.S.R. in 1991, the city slowly began to lose economic prosperity in trade. Yet, thanks to the collision of cultures throughout the lifespan of Samarkand, tourism began to attract more people up until the more recent years. While visiting Samarkand, Donovan met a young man by the name of Dilshod. As stated by Mr. Webster on pages 206 to 207 of the â€Å"Uzbekistan† chapter, Dilshod was a â€Å"skinny, black-haired, and slightly Asian-looking man in his 20s,† and that he’s, â€Å"wearing a white T-shirt, tight black jeans†¦his sunglasses are perched atop his head.† Dilshod is a native tourist of Samarkand, and judging by his appearance, it seems that tourism has started to become a reliable source of economic stability for the Tajiks, however it is not enough to help as in recent years tourism has slowly diminished. Without a reliability on tourism, people like Dilshod would not be able to make a living as well as attract more people to the city. To summarize the Tajiks, they are a mountainous group of people who base themselves off trade rather than traditional agriculture yet struggle to attract more people to the city because of a decline in tourism. Had the practice of trading and tourism never attached to Samarkand, there would probably ha ve been an economic collapse among the residents of the city. Cycling back to Europe, Mr. Donovan Webster reaches the nation of Spain and visits the country side of Basque. The landscape is a beautiful mix of emerald and rock-shaded colors of the mountainous landscape while the sky gives off volume and shadows provided by the fluffy clouds as told on page 243 in the â€Å"Spain† chapter. Spain has a unique history, being under control from the Moors and would later become a pure Catholic country, while still being majorly christened today. Webster states on page 246 of the â€Å"Spain† chapter that the Basques are, â€Å"Deeply agrarian people with a long social history, their traditions are nothing if not idiosyncratic, and they include whole fistfuls of unique social†¦with neither irony nor self-consciousness.† Although the people here are warm-hearted and welcoming, there is the presence of the Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, or the ETA. Noted by Mr. Webster on page 247 of the â€Å"Spain† chapter, the ETA are, â€Å"a sometimes-violent extremist organization that sponsors common kidnappings and public bombings throughout the region†¦with bombings that destroy power plants or government facilities, usually timed to take as few casualties as possible.† The group was formed as a rebel force against General Francisco Franco back in the post-World War II years of Spain, but now-a-days, they prove to be a public disturbance among the people. While the threat of the ETA lowly looms over the people, it doesn’t stop the flow of the city of Bilbao. Stated by Mr. Webster on page 263 of the â€Å"Spain† chapter, â€Å"two decades ago, the place had been ground down into a shuttered, rusting, postindustrial wasteland†¦and services like communications, higher education, and advertising.† With the speed of the advancements on technology in Bilbao, according to Donovan on page 263 in the â€Å"Spain† chapter, Bilbao is the coolest and most energetic city on Earth. Everywhere you look, visual art has been consciously included in the vista†¦the city is forever catching your shocked gaze and watching you marvel. By quickly advancing and revolutionizing the city, they can be compared to up-and-going cities like New York, London, and Hong Kong. As a recap of Mr. Webster’s visit, with the current advancements of technology and proud heritage of their history and culture, the Basques feel ener gized as people proud to be â€Å"culturally divine† yet the threat of the ETA will always cause a disturbance among the cultured people. A region of the world like Basque country seems to be a rarity to find in many other places of the world, and that should be a unique feature it will forever hold. With a memorable journey behind him, Donovan Webster feels more than thankful that he got to meet his distant family members. Although each group had struggles in economic, territorial, ethnic, and political trials, they still seem to hold together and remain as unique people throughout the endeavors. With solutions of trade, tourism, culture, and technology, the Hadzabe, Lebanese, Tajiks, and Basques stick out as their own wonders of the world, whether it is their culture or history. If there is a role model to follow a genetic journey to find family, I cannot say that there is any other example than this journey.

American Flamingo Free Essays

The Blue Eyed American Flamingo Who ever thought there could be so much emotion and so many qualities in a flamingo? After reading this poem author Pape expresses his feelings and the beauty in a flamingo by using analogies describing the features and the distinct details to such a simple bird. The first sentence in this poem is one of the most important. The first sentence says â€Å"I know he shot them to know them. We will write a custom essay sample on American Flamingo or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (line 1) This may seem like a very simple statement, but Greg Pape makes it very bold and is able to express himself off this sentence, by saying he now knows and understands why Audubon had the passion he did for flamingos. In Greg Pape’s poem â€Å"American Flamingo† he captures John James Audubon’s passionate view of the American flamingo. John James Audubon was an American ornithologist, outstanding artist and author of â€Å"Birds of America† (560). In the long history of writing, poetry has held a very special meaning for a human and to allow them to express all of their emotions. The poem â€Å"American Flamingo† combines the mysterious symbols of nature with the inexact emotional language. â€Å"American Flamingo† takes looking at the painting to another level. It was difficult to portray the many emotions Pape was trying to depict throughout the poem. He comes off to be exceptionally stress-free and at ease with life and what he has experienced. â€Å"However; his metaphoric character allows readers of all ages to be able to find a connection with his poetry† (Fitzpatrick). Awesomely, Pape ties several of nature’s incredible elements into his poetry and writing such as; interactions between amazing creatures and their rare or beautiful habitats. On the other hand, He recognizes the high regard he holds for using language in physical representation of objects, animals, people, and places from memories rather than offering abstractions attached to emotion. Pape was a man of very few words he powerfully described life’s minor events and unforgettable memories with metaphorical phrases and simile’s throughout the poem â€Å"American Flamingo† such as â€Å"the jockeys perched like bright beetle on the back of horses pounding down the stretch† (26-29) and â€Å"as they settled down again like a rose-colored fog on the pond† (41-42) Nature and the overlooked side of earth are given notice as Pape creates outstanding pictures with his astonishing words about the images he discovers in this beautiful, enormous world that we live in. Right similar to piece of majestic artwork, â€Å"Pape allows the reader to take a step back and enjoy all of the images that we sometimes take for granted or do not even notice† (Fitzpatrick). Many people just see a flamingo as a beautiful, intriguing, large, rose-pink colored bird that is always standing on one leg. Other than taking it to the next level and looking more in depth at the bird, like John James Audubon does in his painting and Greg Pape does in his poem. Audubon and Pape express the marvelous details to what makes this bird so magnificent. In the poem Pape gives many descriptions of the flamingo and its beauty such as â€Å"I did not know the eyes of the flamingo are blue, a deep live blue. †(2-3) And â€Å"beneath the over-draping feathered monument of the body, between the long flexible neck and the long bony legs covered with pink plates of flesh. † (18-21). Too many people these qualities are not some of the first things noticed when one takes a glance at the overly large bird. Pape and Audubon take describing a flamingo to the extreme. Even if one has never seen a flamingo in real life after reading Pape’s poem an exact image of the magnificent flamingo will be created. As the poem draws to an end Pape states â€Å"the loud flat metallic voice of the announcer fading as the flamingos, grazing the pond water at the far end of the infield, rose in a feathery blush only a few feet off the ground, and flew one long clipped-winged ritual lap in the heavy Miami light, a great swirl of grace from the old world that made tickets fall from hands, stilled horses , and drew toasts from the stands as they settled down again like a rose-colored fog on the pond (30-40). â€Å"American Flamingo† displays a range of bright pieces, often startling many with their generous spirit and frequently linking colorful memories of the past with present moments of indirect understanding or even slightly higher instances of enlightenment. â€Å"Each piece of Pape’s poetry increases readers’ awareness of relations hips between nature and humans or between us and others, especially those close to us. As well, readers attain an acute appreciation for the impact of the past and on the present, or the way fragments of stored memories may influence our everyday lives. (Edward) After reading the poem â€Å"American Flamingo† I now have a new found knowledge on flamingos. Pape’s words created a picture perfect image in my head. He sets a tranquil mood with his vivid descriptions of flamingos. My prior knowledge of flamingos was very minimal, but due to Pape’s vivid words and amazing word description, I now know every specific detail about the deep live blue eyed flamingo. Works Cited Byrne, Edward. â€Å"American Flamingo. Souther Illinois Universty Press, 21 Mar 2007. Web. Web. 13 Sep. 2012. http://edwardbyrne. blogspot. com/search? q=American Flamingo. Fitzpatrick, Kelly. Good reads. N. p. , 13 Mar 2011. Web. Web. 16 Sep. 2012. http://www. goodreads. com/review/show/148430531 . Pape, Greg â€Å"American Flamingo† Literature for Composition. Eds, Sylvan Barnet, William Burto, and William E. Cain 9th ed. Boston: Longman, 2011. 560-61. Print. How to cite American Flamingo, Essay examples

Diesel Engine Performance Bearing Friction â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Diesel Engine Performance Bearing Friction? Answer: Introduction Friction within the engine equipment is affected by the ratio between the stroke and the bore because of two opposing effects. These are the friction at the crankshaft bearing and the friction at the power cylinder. An increase in the bore-to-stroke ration causes an increase in the comportment friction as the larger piston area transfers loftier forces to the crankshaft demeanors. The corresponding shorter stroke results in the decreased power cylinder friction originating at the ring or cylinder interface (Allmaier, et al., n.d.). Frictional forces are undesirable and they lower the performance of the engine. The engine designers are actively improving the lubrication models of the engine to ensure near to or absolute frictionless operations within the engine. Friction is not a desirable occurrence in any process. It causes loss in power and wear and tear of the equipment parts. The engine or automotive structure operates on hydraulic pressure in some sections. At the piston section , a lot of friction is bound to occur. Proper lubrication seeks to solve the issues that are imminent in such auto motives. Literature Review All nations especially in the America and Europe continents are adopting the Go Green initiative. They have different policies in place to effect this and one of the key policies is the introduction of the limit for the average carbon monoxide emissions for all vehicles available in the marketplace. The common road transport system is estimated to cause approximately 89 percent of the cumulative CO2 emissions. Implementing the policies has resulted in a decrease in the industrial emissions though there is a rising demand for energy in the automotive industry. There are more policies developed by the law makers in the government that are aimed at the fuel consumption and economy as well as the emission of harmful by products into the air and on land(Mufti Priest, 2009)The loads on the bearings vary significantly with crank angle, the connecting rod geometry and the combustion gas pressure. The indicative pressure profile during compression(Priestner, et al., 2012), The oil in the engine seals main function is to prevent dripping, serious difficulties result from malfunction of the engine oil seal (Kim Jeon, 2008). Engines that run on diesel have recently been applied in most heavy-load itinerant and in many motionless units for generating the power. This owes to the fact that they can lead to greater efficacies and complex indicated mean effective pressures, IMEP. The IMEP occurs due to higher compression ratios where they operate (Rostami, et al., 2014). The engine performance is determined majorly by the fuel consumption and the frictional forces affecting the engine. The biodiesel is the maximum popular alternative fuel. The procedure of the biodiesel is increasing day by day. All things pertaining the biodiesel on internal combustion engines must be known. The quivering effect of canola and sunflower biodiesels at different engine speed was investigated in longitudinal, vertical and lateral axes. Some of the chief engine companies have stated formally that the use of blends that will not void their parts and workmanship warranties. This contains blends below minimum biodiesel, such as the least biodiesel assortments that are becoming more common(John, 2013). Catalytic converters have carbon problems in the original diesel but they do better with the biodiesel. The carbon monoxide emissions result when the gasoline is not completely burned and the oxides of nitrogen are produced when the combustion temperatures are way too high. Th e carbon dioxide and oxygen are used to diagnose combustion problems and the gas is classified as a greenhouse gas(Cheng, 2008). The lower exhaust emissions are factored in when the engine design, fuel and ignition system controls, and devices designed to control emissions are considered(Banapurmath, 2008). The catalysts cause chemical reaction without changing their state. The chemical reactions only tend to occur in the presence of a catalyst or they occur faster due to the introduction of the catalyst. There are several sources of friction in the internal combustion engines and the friction test rigs are used to determine these sources. There is a lot of friction at the piston liner contact. This contact point is felt to account for the larger part of friction in the engine while the journal bearings in the crank train account for the other percentage. The valve train is another major source of friction and it causes the losses that equally accounts for power losses as well as its counterpart, the journal bearings. Lubrication is one of the solutions at the metal to metal contact points. There are several mechanical losses that are involved in the important functions(Zhang, 2002). Generally, friction is a force that occurs between two surfaces that are sliding or slipping across one another. It always works in the opposite direction of work. The effects of friction tend to slow down a moving object. The amount of friction experienced depends on the materials from which the two surf aces are made. When the surfaces are very rough, much more friction is felt than when there are smoother surfaces. Frictional forces have a by-product, heat. Excessive heat in an engine does more harm than good especially when it is not contained. Lubrication using oil tends to reduce friction between two surfaces that are in contact. This implies lesser wear on the metal and minimal heat is produced from the moving parts. Evaluation Work consumed by compression process, The total work per cycle for each section of the engine, I, of the total friction is given by assimilating the friction force, F, times its dislocation dx around the cycle, The friction force mechanisms are either autonomous of speed or comparative to speed or its square. To review the frictional impact on the diesel engine performance the following setup was achieved by turning the internal combustion engine over. The turnover was done with the help of the combustion using an induction motor. The system utilizes a belt drive system of about 6000rpm. There is a torque meter that measures the torque of the engine at the beginning of the motor rotation. Indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) in bar was computed after measuring in cylinder combustion pressure signals for each operating point by using a MATLAB program (Daniels, 2000). Indicated power (IP) in kW was calculated from measured IMEP and brake power (BP) in kW was measured from engine dynamometer. Friction powers (FP) in kW for operating points were then calculated by subtracting brake power (BP) from indicated power (IP), under steady state conditions for both engine lubricants. Variation of oil viscosity with temperature may be neglected since all experiments were conducted in a controlled temperature of oil and coolant (Kim, et al., 2006). An empirical relation for predicting friction power (FP) of the engine based on the significant factors. It is important to note that in the above empirical equation, the input values for speed in rpm are to be divided by 100; e.g., 1000 rpm is to be put as 10 and input values of load are to be divided by 10; e.g., 50 Nm is to be put as 5. It is noteworthy to state that predicted friction power values for both engine lubricants are very close to the experimental values(Zweiri, et al., 2000). There is lack of the validation caused by the difficulty of measuring parameters straight from the engines running under fired conditions. The friction of the engine bearing section is measured under a wide range of operating conditions of the engine. There is a specially designed camshaft belt drive pulleys are incorporated to measure the friction and the torque of the engine. There are little or no modifications performed on the engine valve train layout is required. (Devendra, et al., 2014). T he friction measurement methods include, Measurement of FMEP from IMEP. Direct Motoring Tests. Willans Line. Morse Test. Several models have been adopted over the years as research is progressed by different researchers. The Willans line model is a clambering procedure that is involved to create the numerical models of IC Engines of almost any desired size. The model provides a good pseudo-static representation of the fuel productivity of CI/SI engines. One of the major advantages of the model is that it is scalable within contraptions of a certain class(Qianfan, 2011). The EGR valve is controlled by input signals of engine temperature and load as the vehicle speed signal or PRNDL switch. Control emission of gasoline vapors from tank. Activated charcoal store gasoline vapors until they are drawn into the engine and burned. Emission of fuel vapors is controlled by sealing the fuel system(Graboski, 2003). Gasoline tanks allow for fuel expansion of umpteenth percent and the expansion dome and liquid or vapor separator, the expansion tank, the filler neck design, and the gas caps sealed or have pressure va cuum valve. Conclusion In a nutshell, as little as possible exposed surface area on the combustion chamber and the top of piston has common modifications and the engines run with higher cooling system temperatures. Advancing the ignition timing is good for improved engine performance and the domestic diesel light trucks and vans are now using urea selective catalyst reduction. References Allmaier, H., Priestner, C., Sander, D. E. Reich, F. M., n.d. Friction in Automotive Engines. [Online] Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51568 Banapurmath, N. R., 2008. Experimental Investigations of a four-stroke single cyclinder direct injection diesel Engine operated on dual fuel mode with producer gas as inducted fuel and Honge oil and its methyl ester (HOME) as injected fuels. Renewable Energy, Volume 33, pp. 2007-2018. Cheng, C. H., 2008. Comparison of emissions of a direct injection diesel engine operating on biodiesel with emulsified and fumigated methanol. Fuel, Volume 87, pp. 1870-1879. Daniels, C. C., 2000. The Transient Behaviour of Friction components in an Internal Combustion Engine. PhD Dissertation, University of Akron, Akron, OH. Devendra, S. et al., 2014. Prediction and Analysis of engine Friction Power of a Diesel Engine Influenced by Engine Speed, Load, And Lubricant Viscosity. New York: s.n. Graboski, M., 2003. The Effect of Biodiesel composition on engine emissions from a DDC series 60 Diesel Engine, s.l.: NREL SR-510-31461. John, D., 2013. Manufacturere warranty information. [Online] Available at: https://www.biodiesel.org/resources/fuelfactsheets/standards_and_warranties.shtm#statements Kim, H. G. Jeon, S. I., 2008. Effect on friction of engine oil seal with engine oil viscosity. International Journal of Automotive Technology, Issue 9, pp. 601-606. Kim, H. G. et al., 2006. Experimental study on behaviour characteristics in crankshaft oil seal. s.l., Spring Conference Proc. Korean Society of Automotive Engineers. Mufti, R. A. Priest, M., 2009. Theoretical and experimental evaluation of engine bearing performance. Journal of Engineering Tribiology, Part J: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Issue 223, pp. 629-644. Priestner, C., Allmaier, H., Priebsch, H. Forstner, C., 2012. Friction in highly loaded journal bearings. MTZ, Volume 4, pp. 310-315. Qianfan, X., 2011. Diesel engine system design. 1st ed. s.l.:Woodhead Publishing in Mechanical Engineering. Rostami, S., Ghobadian, B. Kiani, M. K. D., 2014. A Diesel Engine using Diesel-Biodiesel Blends. International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering: Kuantan, Volume 10, pp. 1945-1958. Zhang, C., 2002. TEHD behaviour of non-newtonian dynamically loaded journal bearings in the mixed lubrication for direct problem. Journal of Tribology, Volume 124, p. 178. Zweiri, Y. H., Whidborne, J. F. Seneviratne, L. D., 2000. Instataneous Friction Components Model for Transient Engine Operation. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, Issue 214, pp. 809-824

An Evening With Pagans Essays - Wicca, Mother Goddesses,

An Evening With Pagans An Evening with the Pagans~ A brief history of paganism~ Over 25,000 years ago, our ancestors across the continent practiced an ancient form of religion known as paganism. During the Neolithic and Paleolithic time era, our ancestors were in awe of the great manifestations of nature. Due to lack of scientific thought, they were riddled with ignorance and superstition. Everything had a supernatural explanation. They associated each naturalistic phenomena with a type of god, inscribing inanimate objects with life -like characteristics .This practice is referred to as animism. Every element ,be it thunder ,rain or the sun ,was thought to be a god (or goddess) within it. Eventually their gods became an object of worship known as polytheism. Eventually many forms of polytheism evolved to what is known as paganism. Modern Paganism Now defined as :The worship of a god or goddess whose roots are in pre-Christian Western Europe. Modern paganism is alive and well today. It consists of many sub-divisions .These include ~Wicca ,druidism Santeria and many others. Wicca focuses on the worship of a god and goddess .In Wicca ,there is a plethora of pantheon of deities that one can choose from including: Greek, Norse ,roman etc...... Focusing on a Greek Wiccan tradition ,this will be describing the pagan festival of Hectare. The Festival of Hecate The festival of Hecate is celebrated between the 3rd and 4th Saturday of August. (which ever is closest to the new moon) It is in honor of the Greek goddess Hecate. She was first worshipped in ancient Greece -called the triple goddess of magic. She is often represented in triple form ; maiden (youth) ,mother (fertility) and crone (the wise woman). In ancient Rome ,she was known as trevia ,the cross road with three paths. Hecate is symbolized by the phases of the moon. Each attribute correlates with a particular phase of the moon. The waxing moon (maiden),the full moon (mother) and the new moon( crone). The Ceremony~ Upon arrival at the festival in Georgetown Delaware, everyone gathers for the lecture. This is to educate the newcomers as to what the ceremony entails. The ceremony is always rehearsed before it is performed. After the lecture ,there is a large potluck feast to keep everyone energized for the evenings festivities. The processional~ When the sun sets, the processional begins. With everyone in their appropriate magical attire,(consisting of a robe and jewelry) everyone lines up proceeds with the first phase. This is called consecration- each person is consecrated . This is done by covering the body in incense smoke and sprinkling of water. This is a purification process that cleanses the body of negative energy prior to the ritual. Next each person is permitted to enter the circle one by one. Once everyone is inside the circle, the next phase begins. Calling of the quarters~ At this point ,the high priest/priestess begins the calling of the quarters or summoning the elements. Each direction is marked by an altar and each is represented by an element. West =air, east=water , north=earth and south=fire. The high priest approaches each point ,says a chant and ends the chant with the phrase hail and welcome. After the elements are called , the highpoint of the ritual begins ~ the invocation The Invocation~ The invocation is where the goddess is invited to attend the ceremony. The invitation is done through a series of chants . Ex: He Kau ,He Kau , He Kau Hecate trevia trimorphos Hecate queen of the moon and all her phases 3 X''s (Hek a ta) Next 3 women are chosen to represent Hecate ,each representing one of her aspects.(they are chosen prior to the ritual) The maiden is in white (purity) the mother in red (fertility) and crone in black(wisdom) These women remain in the circle. At this point the goddess speaks to the participants .Each one gives a brief message ,usually a blessing or advice. Once the crone has finished, each participant is invited to approach any of the three forms and speak to them. They may ask for advice ,offering or a boon. Once everyone has had their turn to speak with Hecate,the group becomes silent. The goddess is thanked and dismissed. Sometimes during a ritual a participant may feel a bit overwhelmed with the energy that has been raised. It is for this reason ,that the next phase ,called grounding takes place. This is done by simply placing the hands on the ground and releasing the energy. Once the grounding has been performed,it is time to close the quarters or dismiss the elements. Like the opening

Free Essays on AI

Artificial Intelligence Recently, the media has spent an increasing amount of broadcast time on new technology. The focus of high-tech media has been aimed at the flurry of advances concerning artificial intelligence (AI). What is artificial intelligence and what is the media talking about? Are these technologies beneficial to our society or mere novelties among business and marketing professionals? Medical facilities, police departments, and manufacturing plants have all been changed by AI but how? These questions and many others are the concern of the general public brought about by the lack of education concerning rapidly advancing computer technology. Artificial intelligence is defined as the ability of a machine to think for itself. Scientists and theorists continue to debate if computers will actually be able to think for themselves at one point (Patterson 7). The generally accepted theory is that computers do and will think more in the future. AI has grown rapidly in the last ten years chiefly becau se of the advances in computer architecture. The term artificial intelligence was actually coined in 1956 by a group of scientists having their first meeting on the topic (Patterson 6). Early attempts at AI were neural networks modeled after the ones in the human brain. Success was minimal at best because of the lack of computer technology needed to calculate such large equations. AI is achieved using a number of different methods. The more popular implementations comprise neural networks, chaos engineering, fuzzy logic, knowledge based systems, and expert systems. Using any one of the aforementioned design structures requires a specialized computer system. For example, Anderson Consulting applies a knowledge based system to commercial loan officers using multimedia (Hedburg 121). Their system requires a fast IBM desktop computer. Other systems may require even more horsepower using exotic computers or workstations. Even more exotic ... Free Essays on AI Free Essays on AI Artificial Intelligence Recently, the media has spent an increasing amount of broadcast time on new technology. The focus of high-tech media has been aimed at the flurry of advances concerning artificial intelligence (AI). What is artificial intelligence and what is the media talking about? Are these technologies beneficial to our society or mere novelties among business and marketing professionals? Medical facilities, police departments, and manufacturing plants have all been changed by AI but how? These questions and many others are the concern of the general public brought about by the lack of education concerning rapidly advancing computer technology. Artificial intelligence is defined as the ability of a machine to think for itself. Scientists and theorists continue to debate if computers will actually be able to think for themselves at one point (Patterson 7). The generally accepted theory is that computers do and will think more in the future. AI has grown rapidly in the last ten years chiefly becau se of the advances in computer architecture. The term artificial intelligence was actually coined in 1956 by a group of scientists having their first meeting on the topic (Patterson 6). Early attempts at AI were neural networks modeled after the ones in the human brain. Success was minimal at best because of the lack of computer technology needed to calculate such large equations. AI is achieved using a number of different methods. The more popular implementations comprise neural networks, chaos engineering, fuzzy logic, knowledge based systems, and expert systems. Using any one of the aforementioned design structures requires a specialized computer system. For example, Anderson Consulting applies a knowledge based system to commercial loan officers using multimedia (Hedburg 121). Their system requires a fast IBM desktop computer. Other systems may require even more horsepower using exotic computers or workstations. Even more exotic ...

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